Introduction to the Finance Company Project

Prologue to the Finance Company Project Your group is required to break down the future business and monetary possibilities of a significant, traded on an open market partnership utilizing budgetary ideas and strategies just as the ideas and methods from different business territories. Ensure any announcements you make in your investigation are steady with the information base of money. Additionally please incorporate your computations (counting spreadsheets), information sources (be explicit, including date and page number(s)), and suspicions (clarify your reason) in the reference sections. While your examination ought to be designed for fund, no one, obviously, can settle on business choices utilizing exclusively money methods and ideas, so where appropriate, fuse strategies and investigation from different business fields. Coming up next is a rundown of the base prerequisites for your undertaking. Extra credit will be given for inventiveness and investigation past the base necessity. In the event that you have any inquiries, please email them to your educator. (1) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Give a one (1) page official synopsis which sums up your discoveries and gives a suggestion whether to purchase or not to purchase the stock and the obligation protections of the organization (two separate choices). (2) COMPANY INTRODUCTION: Provide a one page (1) prologue to your organization including: organization history, procedure, principle items and administrations, essential markets and clients, significant contenders, industry diagram, and other pertinent data. (3) FINANCIAL ANALYSIS: Conduct a two-year money related examination of your organization utilizing budgetary proportions. Incorporate a Du Pont investigation. You can allude to your Essentials of Business I Corporate Annual Report venture for the fitting proportions. ) Comment on the money related wellbeing of the organization. If you don't mind see proportion patterns and contrast with industry normal. (4) WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPTIAL (WACC): Estimate the parts of the expense of capital for your organization uti lizing market information. a) For the expense of normal stock, investigate utilizing the profit development model and CAPM. To decide Beta, first utilize distributed sources. Next, compute your own beta gauge utilizing relapse examination with 52 weeks of day by day information. See the textbook’s site to download the relapse toolbox from Chapter 6. On the off chance that the distributed evaluations and the aftereffects of your relapse examination contrast, legitimize your last decision of Beta for the WACC judgments. b) Calculate the expense of favored stock c) Calculate the expense of obligation. Review that you don't utilize the coupon rate, however rather utilize the YTM for each security issue. d) Determine the suitable loads for every one of the classifications utilizing market esteems. e) Calculate the company’s WACC. f) In your supposition, has the organization limited its WACC? What would it be able to in an unexpected way? Review that more obligation builds the danger of chapter 11 and greater value implies the buoyancy expenses of giving stock. g) Provide reasons why or why not the current WACC is proper for later use by the organization. If not, clarify which WACC ought to be utilized for future business choices. (5) FUTURE CASH FLOWS: Prepare a three (3) year gauge of assessed future incomes for you organization and give legitimate monetary/business explanations behind your projections. This implies you will have an announcement of gradual incomes. One year later, build up a future market estimation of value and an expected future cost for every offer for the company’s normal stock. Compose a 1 page examination, which consolidates promoting, bookkeeping, deals, creation, the executives, innovation, and so forth data into your appraisals of future incomes. If you don't mind refer to 2-3 media hotspots for this investigation. a) Perform a consider the possibility that examination for your incomes utilizing at any rate one of the accompanying: affectability investigation, situation examination, or reproduction examination. Additionally, give a composed summation of your imagine a scenario where investigation. ) Collect and assess data on expansion evaluates and fuse those appraisals, as you see fit, into your income gauges. c) Comment on how future incomes possibly be influenced by data contained in the commentaries to the fiscal reports. References are frequently more intriguing than the remainder of the fiscal summaries a nd give important data. d) Do a concise examination of your rivals, the possibilities of their future incomes, and how that influences your organization's incomes. e) Conduct a â€Å"post-audit† of (at least one) of your organization's major past ventures and ncorporate this subjectively into your appraisals of future incomes. (6) HISTORICAL STOCK PRICE: Review quickly the chronicled exhibition of the organization's stock cost. Clarify if this influenced your examination. (7) SECURITY ANALYST’S REPORTS: Evaluate what protections experts are stating about your organization, and clarify on the off chance that you concur or differ with their proposals. What is the feeling for your stock: are there a great deal of purchase proposals or are there a ton of hold/sell suggestions? (8) DIVIDEND and CAPITAL STRUCTURE: ) Analyze the current profit strategy of your organization. In the event that it doesn't deliver a profit, would it be advisable for it to? b) Analyze the objectiv e capital structure of your organization including bank advances, leases, and other budgetary protections gave notwithstanding favored stock, regular stock, and obligation. For what reason do you think it keeps up the capital structure it does? Do you think it is an ideal capital structure? If not, what might be? Legitimize your answer. c) Does your organization have a considerable level of educational asymmetry (resources which are difficult for outcasts to esteem)? Do you think this influences the capital structure of your organization? (9) CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: Comment on the corporate administration of your organization. Is the executives working superbly? Does the board hold partakes in the organization? What is their level of value proprietorship? What amount stock do foundations own? Do you think these variables influence your organization's exhibition? (10) MERGER and INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY: Describe and assess the merger and obtaining methodology and the universal development technique for your organization.

Court , Newcastle Upon Tyne Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Court , Newcastle Upon Tyne - Essay Example The job of the Crown Court is to manage the most genuine criminal issues. which incorporate cases which are sent to the Crown Court from judges courts or youth courts because of the earnestness of the offense. Sole entering in Court 3 of Newcastle-upon-Tyne Combined Court Center shows quite certain environment of law, request and custom. Situated in forcing building made of red block and glass, Court focus commands the focal point of the town. Criminal court design is normal for crown courts in United Kingdom. Room is ruled by judgeswearing shaded outfits which are situated in the most distant finish of the room, while before them is situated court representative that deals with all the court records relating the case that is being on process. Likewise in the zone just before the appointed authorities seat is the sound recordist which records procedures on a twofold deck tape recorder with one tape or the other being changed at spans. This record might be utilized if the case later g oes to request. All through the room arraignment and protection legal advisors are situated while behind them are places for post trial supervisors and press correspondents. Along the divider on the contrary side of judges are seats for crowd and another court agent while the doc, place where blamed is seating is put by the correct mass of the court. From that place he can screen all the acters of the procedure. The court format was acceptable on the grounds that regardless of where you was situated you despite everything had a decent perspective on the environmental factors David Moore case which I have visited demonstrated all the intricacy and method of work of criminal equity courts in United Kingdom. This multi year old youth is blamed along with his sibling for harming of property, and on 21th of February was brought for a first hearing which was directed to decade if there is sufficient potential for beginning the preliminary. A few minor issues were handled during the

Capsule 2 Revised Version Essay

Jose Antonio Vargas composed â€Å"Outlaw: My Life In America As An Undocumented Immigrant†, for the New York Times (June 22, 2011), and in it, he guarantees that being an unlawful settler is surprisingly muddled on a superficial level. Like Vargas, numerous illicit outsiders are regularly sent to America at youthful ages and need to shroud their actual personalities to succeed. Vargas builds up this reality when he starts to adjust to his new life and keeps on faking reports and lie to people around him to keep up his place in America. Vargas’s reason for composing is to demonstrate to that workers reach America looking for unending chance to pick up progress however regularly need to do this through duplicity. Vargas does this by recounting to his story in this account to get a handle on the enthusiasm of different outsiders. He recognizes the false personality he has created, that conflicts with his ethics and his character and makes significant issues while growing up and attempting to adjust to society. Vargas unfurls his story by first talking about how he is compelled to move to America. This quickly looks like huge numbers of the individuals who came to America at an extremely youthful age and furthermore needed to locate their own particular manner to progress while looking after classification. Vargas initially doesn’t comprehend the battles he will look in the public eye. His family, the start of his emotionally supportive network, makes his phony character without his insight while he was at a youthful age. He found reality while endeavoring to get his driver’s license (Vargas 326), and when he gets turned down he started his interest to demonstrate to everybody around him that he is American. Vargas sharing his involvement with the DMV and how it showed him how to change simpler to society without others seeing his illicit status, makes the account increasingly relatable and customized. When he understands he is a migrant and isn’t invited in the public eye, he comprehends the antagonistic vibe connected to the name he is given by his family and by Americans. All through Vargas’s composing, he keeps on discovering approaches to identify with different settlers utilizing his calling â€Å"that is about truth-telling† (Vargas, 330). He talks about the issue of looking for some kind of employment in news coverage which is his obsession and securing positions are frequently significant issues for migrants. He additionally discusses the steady feeling of insufficiency and separation he felt living in America and carrying on with a manufactured way of life. Vargas’s reason for existing was continually urged all through his story to seek after his fantasies which gave him the motivating force to continue pushing paying little mind to his obscure lawful status. Vargas shows that in the event that he expands the measure of work he accomplishes he can pick up citizenship regardless of whether he lies about what his identity is to do as such. Vargas and his family make numerous penances, that could uncover their insider facts, so as to concede him a route into progress. At the point when he got the hang of living in America undocumented, it turned into the standard for him, and he had â€Å"no expectation of recognizing [his] ‘problem’† (Vargas 331). Vargas sticks to the new form of himself and continually beats his hardships to demonstrate his citizenship. His assurance devoured his ethics and he overlooked his uprightness to look after progress. By all accounts, he appears as though the ideal American resident li ving â€Å"The American Dream† (Vargas, 326) yet he knows where it counts that his vocation approved his prosperity and his essence. Vargas utilized utilizing difficult work to pick up citizenship to urge him to keep concealing his legitimate status particularly since â€Å"claiming full citizenship was really simpler than proclaiming lasting resident† (Vargas, 328). His created way of life permitted him to succeed expertly for most of his life, demonstrating that his difficult work fills the relocation he felt as a migrant. Vargas permits individuals to simply observe the surface characteristics he shows to approve his essence here (Vargas, 327) and to stay discreet increasingly covered. The picture he makes as a fugitive turns into the main life he knows and grappling with the fact of the matter was certainly freeing. Vargas assaults the thoughts of what an illicit worker truly is, an individual scanning for a fantasy that America shows yet doesn’t satisfy. There is evident strain in America with regards to how society characterizes them. The article all in all tries to contact different settlers who are encountering similar battles. Vargas does this by recounting to his story to be real. Understanding that the life of an effective worker is conceivable if your fantasies for a superior future are your consistent inspiration, is the reason that Vargas had for composing this piece. Vargas continually utilizes his story to show that despite the fact that numerous outsiders build up a personality built up in double dealing, their battles inwardly, intellectually, and socially, help shape them and at long last make them the American residents they battle to be. Vargas demonstrates that once you esteem difficult work it makes it simpler to win status and construct a personality for yourself.

Alienation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Estrangement - Essay Example Most fundamentally, the novel portrays the surprising passageway of Peter Walsh who was an old companion and previous admirer of Clarissa. Their gathering mirrors a blend of satisfaction and strain as Clarissa asks why she wedded Richard Dalloway rather than Peter Walsh who was her admirer. The epic likewise rotates around the account of Septimus Warren Smith, a shell-stunned World War I veteran who experienced the war and later ended it all. The epic presents the subject of estrangement in numerous measurements. Estrangement delineates a feeling of passionate seclusion between people or gatherings inside a given network. In fact, we can detect a sentiment of enthusiastic segregation as Peter Walsh feels frantic over his unfulfilling life. This outcomes from the way that his companions and previous admirers have proceeded onward with their lives. In fact, Peter Walsh was Clarissa’s admirer yet Clarissa decided to wed Richard in light of his social class. This shows Peter Walsh experiences social distance. Subsequently, Peter Walsh cries as he laments losing Clarissa and frantically inquires as to whether she truly adores Richard. All the more in this way, Peter Walsh’s social distance shows where he neglects to set up and keep up any steady sentimental relationship (Woolf 42-44). In reality, regardless of the social world expecting one to settle on solid choices, Peter distances himself from the social world by coming up short on the ability to choose what he feels. In that capacity, he results to conversing with himself, which portrays social disconnection. Then again, we can distinguish social estrangement from the narrative of Septimus Warren Smith, a shell-stunned World War I veteran. Without a doubt, Septimus distanced himself from the physical world by continually living in the inward reality where he chats with his companion Evans who kicked the bucket in the war. He is sincerely numb and experiences profound franticness and insane mental t rips where he sees and hears unbelievable things that an ordinary individual can't observer. This is a deviation from the standards and reflects social estrangement. Truth be told, in the social world, individuals impart in reality and not in the inner world as Septimus does. Moreover, Septimus' essence in the novel is distance, as he doesn't relate with any of the other fundamental characters. At last, Septimus endures the results of estrangement as he submits suicides after a light snapshot of delight with his significant other. To be sure, Septimus chose in his interior world that he won't go with the specialists to a psychological foundation and picks to kick the bucket (Woolf 36-42). This portrays social distance as individuals don't end it all in the social world however hang tight for their common demise. All the more along these lines, we experience Lucrezia’s enthusiastic estrangement, as she pitiably misses Italy and is sick of taking her better half to different cr uel specialists. This delineates social detachment, as different characters are apparently agreeable in this spot. All the more along these lines, the novel portrays Clarissa’s distance from the social world. Undoubtedly, Clarissa’s desire to focus on each guestâ alienates her from making the most of her night party. We can see her wishing that she could get some an opportunity to converse with Sally and Peter yet she is excessively occupied with different visitors. Undoubtedly, Clarissa tried to make the most of her night party however the occasions occurring during the gathering blocks her structure such delight. This is in spite of the way that others going to the gathering get full happiness from the gathering.

Analyzing Recreation & Leisure Essay

The restorative amusement process is a deliberate strategy for arranging and offering types of assistance for people with handicaps. The procedure depends on a frameworks hypothesis approach. The framework is intended for a guide for an all around characterized, objective situated reason to the action or program being given. It includes four stages: appraisal, arranging, execution and assessment. Utilization of the remedial diversion process isn't subject to area, yet on methodical and reliable utilization of surveying, arranging, actualizing and assessing administrations for individuals with inabilities. The procedure is applied in settings like emergency clinics, long haul offices and helpful in relaxation training and diversion investment settings, similar to stop and entertainment offices and schools. Conveying helpful entertainment benefits in network setting has been effective when the restorative amusement process is applied. It isn't the setting that decides the utilization of the remedial diversion process, however the necessities of the customers. Utilizing the remedial amusement process permits the helpful entertainment expert to individualize inside diversion programs planned explicitly for individuals with handicaps and to deliberately create bolster plans for comprehensive diversion programs. The advisors directs an evaluation that recognizes the client’s capacities and confinements by posing a progression of inquiries identified with social abilities and watching their communications with their companions. Data is accumulated for the customer, yet in addition from family, parental figure, social specialist, companions, and professional advocate to give exhaustive data before interest with the goal that the customer needs might be tended to. The object is to decide the requirements of the person according to the autonomous working in amusement settings. Materials incorporate inquiries intended to decide an individual’s needs identified with autonomous amusement cooperation. Peruse more: Essay on Leisure and Recreation in real life Program portrayals explain action content, cooperation necessities, potential dangers, and proposed results that guide in deciding these requirements. Intensive and exact data about the individual is vital, in any event, when cooperation is self started and intentional. Without precise data the nature of an appraisal is undermined. Projects and exercises might be pre-arranged; appraisals empower the helpful amusement pro to individualize mediations, lodging, and showing methodologies inside gathering exercises. For instance, the recreation training program in which the customer is enrolled may have a gathering objective to improve socialization abilities through investment in bunch exercises, however the customer will have an objective increasingly explicit to their necessities, for example, the customer will utilize socially suitable intends to recognize shortages in explicit movement expertise (I. e. sports), just as general expertise (I. e. social aptitudes). What's more, appraisals for an individual partaking in a specific amusement program may vary from an evaluation utilized with somebody who is keen on taking an interest in a comprehensive entertainment program. Appraisals applied to those taking an interest in discrete projects frequently request more insight concerning the person’s level of working that an evaluation used to investigate cooperation in comprehensive entertainment would. A novel part of a network entertainment evaluation is that it very well may be a deep rooted process. In contrast to treatment settings, for example, medical clinics where a remedial entertainment master may just work with and individual for a concise timeframe, individuals with inabilities who take an interest in network diversion programs frequently stay engaged with programs for a long time. From the evaluation of the client’s social aptitudes, the specialist found that the customer experienced difficulty starting and continuing discussions. For instance, the customer would remain without anyone else and watch their friends as opposed to participating in discussions. When the client’s friends would remember them for discussions, the customer would leave. The helpful entertainment pro found that the customer regularly feels like they don't have the foggiest idea what to state to other people. The arranging period of the restorative entertainment procedure can direct a helpful amusement authority in creating individualized objectives and target for the customer and afterward select diversion exercises to meet the objectives and destinations. The arranging segment is useful for recognizing exercises to meet objectives and destinations that advance free diversion working. A few exercises have the potential for development of working (I. e. warm water aquatics) in treatment and recovery settings. The specialist chooses a multi week recreation instruction program that incorporates social aptitudes preparing segments to meet the goals delineated for the customer. Recreation instruction centers around the turn of events and obtaining of relaxation related abilities, mentalities, and information so an individual can communicate him/herself through recreation. Network diversion helpful amusement programs give and perfect condition to apply relaxation instruction objectives by instructing how to get to and use network entertainment assets, just as how to create abilities identified with autonomous diversion working. The specialists structures objectives, creates goals, determines exercises (I. e. social aptitudes) and decides a methods for assessment. As indicated by Austin and Crawford (1996), the usage period of the remedial amusement process is the activity eliminate and includes conveying the individual or gathering program plan. The helpful diversion master does the social aptitudes and move program, concentrating on gathering and individual objectives, For instance, the gathering will be instructed how to suitably request that somebody move and the customer will be instructed approaches to start discussions with move accomplice. The usage stage includes organizing and executing diversion exercises proposed in the arrangement, just as reporting data about the individual (I. e. their reactions), the program (I. e. time of day, span), and the exercises (I. e. serious vs.learning). Usage of the individual arrangement in the entertainment setting expects centering to social (I. e. attitudinal), automatic (I. e. adjustments), and natural (I. e. openness) issues. For instance, general diversion programs in which individuals with handicaps can be incorporated may not be organized to oblige individuals with an assortment of incapacities. The advisors may execute various adjustments or lodging as indicated by the individual’s inability and have information and aptitudes to make these adjustments to encourage investment. Different components that could influence the execution of the individual arrangement incorporate conflicting participation of a member with an incapacity, unexpected office/ecological issues, absence of help from family/guardians, irregularity of general amusement staff, and unseemly program situation. The advisor conducts assessments on the client’s abilities toward the finish of the multi week program by posing a similar arrangement of inquiries asked in the evaluation stage and directing a perception. The motivation behind the assessment stage is to survey the client’s reaction to the arranged program and the plan’s viability and decide if modifications are essential. While conduction the assessment, the advisors can meet the member, talk with relatives or guardians, audit documentation, manage polls, and watch the member while occupied with the action. Leading a mid-term assessment will help in the customers procedure and help in fundamental changes in accordance with a person’s program plan. Exhaustive and exact documentation is a basic segment of the assessment procedure. A significant worry with evaluative documentation in the settings is that the data is made accessible to other people and is at last used. For instance, at the finish of the relaxation instruction program, the customer may decide to take a crack at another program with various general or restorative entertainment staff. Appraisal and assessment data ought to be given to the staff of the client’s new program to guarantee coherence of objectives and goals. Applying the assessment period of the remedial entertainment process in the restorative diversion settings can be beneficial in that data following should be possible over an extensive stretch of time, empowering inside and out, longitudinal assessments. Be that as it may, a restriction of directing the assessment period of the restorative amusement process I the settings is that snippets of data assembled at various focuses in time may get divided and not bound together in one area. The therapist’s job is to order the different evaluative components into extensive assessment archive to be utilized across specific and comprehensive challenges after some time. Assets Austin, D. R. , and Crawford, M. E. (1996). Helpful entertainment: A presentation. (second ed. ). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Howe-Murphy, R. , and Charboneau, B. (1987). Restorative diversion mediation: A natural viewpoint. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. Sylvester, C. (Ed. ). (1996). Reasoning of remedial diversion: Issues and thoughts. Volume II. Ashburn, VA: National Therapeutic Recreation Society Peterson, C. A. , and Gunn, S. L (1984). Helpful diversion program plan: Principles and techniques. (second ed. ). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc RECREATION EVALUATION RCSM 351 12/07/2010 PEGGY PEARSON.

Forms of Employee Training in Organizations Essay - 275 Words

Forms of Employee Training in Organizations (Essay Sample) Content: Forms of Employee Training in OrganizationsStudents nameCourse titleProfessors name24th November 2014 Training and development in organizations define the formal efforts made by organizations to improve the performance of its employees. These organizations undertake these trainings through several through several methods and programs. In todays workplace, efforts to improve employees skills are made through a wide range of applications. They range from instructions in highly specific job expertise to professional development which is long-term. Recently, training of employees has become a formal business function, a recognized profession with diverse methodologies and theories. It has also emerged as integral element of strategy. Many companies and businesses are using continual learning as a means of improving skills of their employees. In fact, the quality of employees as well as the continuous improvement of their skills plays a vital role in improving profitabili ty of businesses. Continual learning of all types in organizations is vital if the organizations do not want to make a stride against skills deficiency and not to lose ground (Noe, 2006). Another form of training widely used by organizations is the computer-based training. This form of training mainly uses computers as well as computer-based instructional material as a way giving instructions. Computer-based training programs are mostly designed to structure and give instructional materials. They are also designed to facilitate the learning process for employees. The main advantage of computer-based training is that it allows employees to comfortably learn at their own pace, especially during convenient times. The main uses of computer-based training are instructions in computer software, hardware and operational equipment. It also provides the learner with a simulated experience of operating certain type of machinery or equipment. In this case, it eliminates the risk of damage to e xpensive equipment by a learner or even a novice user. On the same note, the operational use of the equipment is maximized since the equipment is used as a training tool (Seldon, 2009). Use of computer-based training enables small organizations to cut on training costs while making the training process more effective. The training costs are reduced through minimal travels, reduced training time and smaller number of instructors. Training is made more effective through individualization and standardization. Recently, CD-ROM and videodisc have successfully been integrated into PC-platforms hence increasing possibility and flexibility of computer-based training (Noe, 2006). The other form of employee training used by organizations is undertaking team-building exercises. Team-building refers to active creation and maintenance of working groups that are more effective with similar goals and objectives....

Buying Topics for Expository Essay on Air Test

Buying Topics for Expository Essay on Air Test The Ultimate Topics for Expository Essay on Air Test Trick Every possession is currently a status symbol. To begin with, a brief explanation of the game needs to be written. From its name, you might guess you ought to have a crystal clear picture of a particular thing so as to supply your reader with a crystal clear and concise explanation. Hurry up to complete an essay order form at the website and forget about worries! While the world wide web has a massive collection of advantages, it has some downsides too. Therefore, it's better to prevent websites where people are absolutely free to add and alter info free of reliability checks. If an individual feels enthusiastic about something, they'll be prepared to devote much time building a research and will achieve success. The issue is we speak various languages not only when it comes to ethnic groups but regarding the way every individual sees the world. The New Fuss About Topics for Expository Essay on Air Test Following are a couple expository essay topics that may be given to students, as a portion of their assignments. Actually, giving a sample in your essay may be practical learning experience, and whenever your teacher grades you, you're know precisely where you went wrong which prospective employers aren't likely to inform you about. Write a nice introduction and you're off to a very good start. In addition, you can capture reader attention with the aid of funny essay topics. There are dozens and dozens of compelling topics out there which can be meticulously explored, but choosing one that you're interested in would help it become a small bit easier and more fun. If you decide on one of these topics, you will certainly succeed to draw the interest of your audience only because they involve the latest discussion topics. Put simply, it's a guide on the best way to do something. The main aim of topic choice for a proposal essay is to demonstrate the idea can be put into place in practice. The option of compare and contrast essay topics isn't a simple task because you should demonstrate your analytical skills. The important consideration to bear in mind is these expository essays are based on facts as opposed to the writer's beliefs or feelings. Each expository essay is going to have definite objective. It is possible to also bring the facet of globalization into play over here. An introduction is easily the most significant part your bit of writing. Cue words utilized within this sort of writing include, as an example, the features or characteristics are. The language ought to be pleasing and should be able to convince the reader. Your reader will observe all details throughout the prism of your ideology. It is vital to pay exclusive attention to the opening sentence. 1 great suggestion to take is to choose one that you're deeply interested in. Give a precise definition to an issue and offer readers with a potential solution. When you're assigned to compose an expository essay, the very first thing you will have to know is the way to write it. Locate the trustworthy information for the essay topic you will work on. Then the next step is going to be to find out more about the expository essay structure. You may always take a look at expository essay examples and have a better comprehension of how the entire writing process is about. Without an essay outline, it would be hard to recall the necessary sections, arguments, logical stream of essay, and general structure. You may always review expository essay examples and learn to connect your paragraphs. Typically, each paragraph must be several sentences long and, and it's especially critical for the brief expository essay. Your very first paragraph should also incorporate a very clear and defined thesis statement. A wide variety of expository essay examples have the exact same capabilities. Creating an effective essay of this kind may appear to be a more challenging task in contrast to other essays. Explain the reason it is helpful to organize your materials and activities. Describe the upcoming great invention.

I Was a Tomboy - 1374 Words

I was a tomboy. Not a tomboy in the sense that most people think of one, but in the way that all adventurous, curious little girls are. I played kick ball at recess. I wore Bart Simpson sweatshirts. I played Indians. I went fishing. Somewhere along the way, Ive lost some of that tomboy in me. Its interesting that when changes come in my life, although the change has probably been brewing for some time, there is usually one event that seems to mark that change. So when I look back, I think of the change as before and after that one event. Its no surprise, then, that I remember one distinct event which, in my mind, was the point of my return from Never-Never Land -- the event that marked my transition from my protected place, my†¦show more content†¦This went on until the spring of my fifth grade year, when in gym class we began preparing for the Fun Run, an end of the year race for all fifth grade students in the Cedar Rapids area. I came home, excitedly telling my mom about the race. I told her I bet I would see all of my church friends at the race -- maybe I could even run with some of them! Later the week, Mom drove me out to JC Penneys and insisted that I pick out a bra to wear for the Fun Run. I was humiliated -- I walked out of the store, telling her to pick it out herself. As we walked around the rest of the mall, I hid the bag under my shirt because I was scared that people would be able to see through the bag, and think to themselves, Now why is that little girl carrying around a bra? nbsp; As the big race day began approaching, I got more and more nervous. What if people would be able to see through my shirt? They would know that I wasnt like them anymore, that I was somehow older. On the day of the Fun Run, even though it was 90 degrees outside, I wore two shirts. No one would know my dirty secret. nbsp; Up until the day when I had to wear that bra, I had felt free to be whatever I wanted. When I put on that bra, I felt changed, different somehow. Putting that bra on was like stamping me with a label -- I was now officially a young woman, there was a set of rules to go by. Society had taughtShow MoreRelatedEssay on Gender Stereotypes in T.V. Show How I Met Your Mother1421 Words   |  6 PagesMy chosen scene is from a popular T.V. show called How I Met Your Mother. This show goes with gender stereotypes and goes against gender stereotypes. The show is about a group of friends, Lily and Marshall being an engaged/married couple, Barney the single â€Å"player†, Robin a Canadian tomboy, and Ted the main character, who is a hopeless romantic trying to find true love in New York City. Ted, over the past couple episodes meets a girl and she becomes his girlfriend. 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She wears overalls instead of dresses, and she isn’t interested in things the girls in her town are interested in, like dolls and play sets. Instead. Scout likes to spend time outdoors, playing in the yard, with her older brother Jem and their friend Dill. Scout being a Tomboy is mostly influenced by Jem, because sheRead More To Kill A Mockingbird Essay: Gender Roles and Feminism1324 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles and Feminism in To Kill a Mockingbird When the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, was written by Harper Lee, the Southern United States was still clinging tightly to traditional values. Southern societies pressured men to behave as gentlemen, and women were expected to be polite and wear dresses. These stringent gender roles were adhered to in small southern towns because they were isolated from the more progressive attitudes in other areas of the United States. Harper Lee documentsRead MoreComing Of Age In Boys And Girls By Alice Munro844 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the lectures and readings that we have done on coming of age, I have learned that coming of age is a lot like a milestone in life. It happens when we mature or become more knowledgeable and it can happen no matter what age we are. The story, â€Å"Boys and Girls†, by Alice Munro, shows us the perfect example of coming of age and is also a story that left a lasting impression on me because of it feminist aspect of a girl’s life. Coming of age is our minds and bodies evolving into a more matureRead MoreEssay Gender Roles in Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe men who take care of the more physical activities, such as yard work. It was known throughout many years that it was a woman’s responsibility to stay in the house while the man would go out and look for work to provide money for his family. Although the intensity of gender roles has changed, it still exists. In Alice Munro’s short story â€Å"Boys and Girls†, the author explains the transition from being a tomboy girl to becoming a woman. The protagonist is sceptical about becoming a young woman;Read MoreHow Your Child Acts Essay995 Words   |  4 Pagesof all I think that in the back of every parents mind are questions concerning their childs future. Like will it be a doctor, a lawyer, or the next president of the United States. But with these questions there are also more questions that are not discussed freely like what if it is a bad child or it is uncontrollable? And will it do drugs or try alcohol and smoke cigarettes? Another question that might be in the back of a parents mind is about its childs sexual orientation. I know thisRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird: Discrimination Essay873 Words   |  4 Pagesbeing the excessive amount of racism (Lee). Racism is the easiest to see but there are more forms of discrimination (Lee). Boo Radley is ostracized from the community when truly nobody really knows him (Lee). People discriminate Scout for being a tomboy not a lady (Lee). The last one that no one ever thinks about is how reverse racism is seen when people threaten Atticus for defending Tom Robinson in court (Lee). Discrimination in any form is a controversial topic but everyone knows that it isRead More Stereotypes Essay examples970 Words   |  4 Pagesencounter the same incident but, this time, it is a man wearing baggy jeans with holes in them, a dirty shirt and he looks very unclean. Would you be more likely to stop for the man in the Armani suit, or the the second man? I know that I would stop for man #1. The reason I and most of our society would do so, is because we have a horrible habit. The habit is unintentional and we do it not meaning to hurt anybody This habit is stereotyping people by the way they look or talk based on what societyRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee807 Words   |  3 Pagessocietal norms of gender roles, within the character â€Å"Jean Louise,† also referred to as her tomboy name â€Å"Scout.† Scout battles the society-defined roles in many ways throughout the text. Many factors lead to Scout redefining femininity, including Jem and Dill’s coming-of-age dilemma. An exploration of gender roles and inequality throughout the text and this time period will allow one to understand how Scout was able to overcome gender stereotyping. Scout had been raised in a masculine environment

Son of Sam - Killer David Berkowitz

David Berkowitz, better known as Son of Sam and the .44 Caliber Killer, is an infamous 1970s New York City serial killer who killed six people and wounded several others. His crimes became legendary because of the bizarre content in the letters that he wrote to the police and the media and his reasons for committing the attacks. With the police feeling the pressure to catch the killer, Operation Omega was formed, which was comprised of over 200 detectives; all working on finding the Son of Sam before he killed again. Berkowitzs Childhood Born Richard David Falco,  June 1, 1953, he was adopted by Nathan and Pearl Berkowitz. The family lived in a middle-class home in the Bronx. The couple loved and doted on their son yet Berkowitz grew up feeling rejected and scorned because of being adopted. His size and appearance did not help matters. He was larger than most of the kids his age and not particularly attractive. His parents were not social people and Berkowitz followed in that path, developing a reputation for being a loner. Berkowitz Was Plagued With Guilt and Anger Berkowitz was an average student and did not show any particular flair for any one subject. He did, however, develop into a decent baseball player which became his main outside activity. Around the neighborhood, he had a reputation for being hyper and a bully. Believing his natural mother died while giving birth to him was the source of intense guilt and anger inside Berkowitz. Some believe it was the reason for his anti-social and aggressive behavior as a child. The Death of His Mother Pearl Berkowitz had a reoccurrence with breast cancer and died in 1967. Berkowitz was devastated and became severely depressed. He viewed his mother’s death as a master plot designed to destroy him. He began to fail in school and spent most of his time alone. When his father remarried in 1971, his new wife did not get along with the young Berkowitz, and the newlyweds moved to Florida leaving 18-year-old Berkowitz behind. Berkowitz Reunites With His Birth Mother Berkowitz joined the army and after a disastrous three years, he left the service. During that time, he had his one and only sexual experience with a prostitute and caught a venereal disease. When he returned home from the army, he found out his natural mother was still alive and that he had a sister. There was a brief reunion, but eventually, Berkowitz stopped visiting. His isolation, fantasies, and paranoid delusions were now in full force. Driven by Demons On Christmas Eve 1975, Berkowitz’s â€Å"demons† drove him out into the streets with a hunting knife to find a victim to kill. Later he confessed to plunging his knife into two women, one which could not be confirmed. The second victim, 15-year-old Michelle Forman, survived the attack and was treated for six knife wounds. Soon after the attacks, Berkowitz moved out of the Bronx to a two-family home in Yonkers. It was in this home that the Son of Sam would be created. Howling dogs in the neighborhood kept Berkowitz from sleeping and in his deranged mind, he turned their howls into messages from demons that were ordering him to go kill women. He later said that in an attempt to quiet the demons, he began to do what they asked. Jack and Nann Cassara owned the home and in time Berkowitz became convinced that the quiet couple was in truth, part of the demon conspiracy, with Jack being General Jack Cosmo, commander in chief of the dogs that tormented him. When he moved away from the Cassaras into an apartment on Pine Street, he failed to escape the controlling demons. His new neighbor, Sam Carr, had a black Labrador named Harvey, who Berkowitz believed was also possessed. He eventually shot the dog, but that did not offer him relief because he had come to believe that Sam Carr was possessed by the most powerful demon of them all, possibly Satan himself. Nightly the demons screamed at Berkowitz to go kill, their thirst for blood unquenchable. The Arrest of the Son of Sam Berkowitz was eventually caught after receiving a parking ticket at the time and near the place of the Moskowitz murder. That evidence along with letters he wrote to Carr and the Cassaras, his military background, his appearance, and an arson incident, led police to his door. When he was arrested he immediately surrendered to police and identified himself as Sam, telling the police, Well, youve got me. After being evaluated, it was determined that he could stand trial. Berkowitz stood trial in August 1978 and pled guilty to six murders. He received 25 years to life for each of the murders. Berkowitzs Crime Spree July 29, 1976 – Jody Valenti and Donna Lauria were shot as they sat talking in a parked car outside Donna’s apartment. Lauria died instantly from a gunshot wound to her neck. Valenti survived the attack.October 23, 1976 – Carl Denaro and Rosemary Keenan were shot while sitting in Denaro’s parked car. Both survived, but Carl was struck in the head by one of the bullets.November 26, 1976 – Donna DeMasi and 18-year-old Joanne Lomino were walking near Joanne’s home after a late movie. Berkowitz followed them briefly, then shot them. Donna survived without suffering permanent physical harm, but Joanne was paralyzed for life.January 30, 1977 – 26-year-old Christine Freund and her fiance John Diel were shot as they sat in a parked car. Christine died and John Diel survived the attack.March 8, 1977 – Virginia Voskerichian, a Barnard College honor student was shot and killed while walking home from class.April 17, 1977 – 18-year-o ld Valentina Suriani and her 20-year-old boyfriend Alexander Esau, were shot twice. Both died as a result of gunshot wounds. Berkowitz left a letter at the scene, signed â€Å"Son of Sam.†June 26, 1977 – Judy Placido and Sal Lupu were shot while leaving a disco. Both survived although Judy was shot three times.July 31, 1977 – Bobby Violante and Stacy Moskowitz were shot in the car while parked at a lover’s lane. Stacy died from a gunshot wound to her head and Bobby lost vision in one eye and partial vision in the other eye. The Ressler Interview In 1979, Berkowitz was interviewed by FBI veteran, Robert Ressler. Berkowitz admitted that he invented the â€Å"Son of Sam† stories so that if caught he could convince the court that he was insane. He said the real reason he killed was because he felt resentment toward his mother and his failures with women. He found killing the women to be sexually arousing. Throat Slashed On  July 10, 1979, Berkowitz was giving out water to the other inmates in his section when another inmate,  William E.  Hauser, attacked him with a razor blade and slashed his throat. Berkowitz was too afraid to cooperate with the investigation despite that it nearly cost him his life. Hausers name was not released to the public until 2015 when the for Attica superintendent James Conway revealed it. Serving His Time Berkowitz is currently serving a life sentence at the maximum-security Shawangunk Correctional Facility in Wallkill after being transferred from Sullivan Correctional Facility in Fallsburg, New York where he spent several years. Since entering prison, he has become a member of the Jews for Jesus religious group. Berkowitz had refused to attend any of his parole hearings since he became eligible for possible release in 2002. However, in May 2016 he changed his mind and attended his parole hearing. Berkowitz, 63 at the time, told the parole board, â€Å"I was constantly putting myself out there to help other individuals, with kindness and compassion,† he said. â€Å"I mean, I feel that’s my life’s calling, all these years. My evaluations, and so forth, should show that to be true. I’ve done a lot of good and positive things, and I thank God for that.† He was denied parole again and his next hearing is scheduled for May 2018. Today Berkowitz is a born-again Christian and described as a model prisoner.

Rhetorical Analysis Of Marvell s Bermudas - 996 Words

The 17th Century marked an Age of Discovery for both new sea routes and new ways of expressing erotic lust. The Anglican Church of England continued to be the powerholder over England, enforcing the dominant religion and the jurisdiction over those who opposed it. However, after the English Civil War the Church’s power began to fluctuate and other religions including Christianity were gaining religious and civil rights. Embracing steps towards religious recognition Marvell’s ‘Bermudas’ takes the idea of faith to a sensual level, using metaphors to uncover a promised Eden and erotic lust. Marvell’s approach to lust through religion is unimaginable, how is he able to mask his love for women through his faith in God? He embraces New World language to explore faith in God and lust for his promised land. In order to understand Marvell’s use of lust in a religious way I will uncover how his New World language expresses love in Religious Persecutio n, Faith and an eagerness for Virgin territory. Overcome with religious restriction and persecution, Christian sailors were eager to escape England and meet the Eden they are promised in the Bible. Living in a world of restrictions creates a sense of desperation for the unknown. Marvell expresses this in the way he metaphorically relates to water. In order to escape the â€Å"prelate’s rage† sailors must pass through waters that are a â€Å"watery maze† full of â€Å"huge sea-monsters. Marvell encompasses the 17th century view of the world: flat and

Cost accounting Example

Essays on Cost accounting Assignment Cost Accounting COMPUTATION OF THE TREATMENT COST FOR HD AND PD USING AGGREGATE COSTING MODEL In the given scenario, the total cost associated bythe Dialysis Clinic, Inc. in the clinical practice based on hemodialysis (HD)and Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) includes fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost is related to the labor/nurse services, durable equipments expenses and general overhead expenses. Whereas, the variable cost in the treatment includes cost of providing services i.e. standard suppliers and episode suppliers. Given, The overall fixed cost associated with both the treatment is AED 883,280. Number of patients treated during the time span 164 (i.e. 102 hemodialysis and 62 peritoneal dialysis) Overall fixed cost associated with the HD treatment = (Overall fixed cost associated with both the treatment/ Number of patients treated) * Number of HD patients treated = (1806151 /164)* 102 = AED 1,123,334 (approximately) Overall fixed cost associated with the PD treatment = (Overall fixed cost associated with both the treatment/ Number of patients treated) * Number of PD patients treated = (1806151/164)* 62 = AED 682,813 (approximately) A. Ratio-of-cost-per-patient for HD patients = Aggregate total costs associated with the treatment / No. of patient receive the treatment = AED (512,619 + 98680 + 1,123,334) / 102 = 17,006:1 This signifies that cost per HD patients AED 17,006. Ratio-of-cost-per-patient for PD patients = Aggregate total costs associated with the treatment / No. of patient receive the treatment = AED (152,281 + 212,015 + 682,813) / 62 = 16,889:1 This signifies that cost per PD patients AED 16,889. B. Ratio-of-cost-per-treatment for HD patients = Aggregate total costs associated with the treatment / No. of treatment provided No. of treatment provided 14,343 = AED (512,619 + 98680 + 1,123,334) / 14,343 = AED 121 (approx) Ratio-of-cost-per-treatment for PD patients = Aggregate total costs associated with the treatment / No. of treatment provided No. of treatment provided 20,624. = AED (152,281 + 212,015 + 682,813) /20,624 = AED 51 (approx) C. Ratio-of-cost-to-charge for HD patients = Revenue earn from the treatment / Total cost incurred in the treatment = 1,860,287 / (512,619 + 98680 + 1,123,334) = 1,860,287 / 1,734,633 = 1.07: 1 This implies that Dialysis Clinic, Inc. earns AED 1.07 by incurring AED 1 in the HD clinical practices to the patients. Ratio-of-cost-to-charge for PD patients = Revenue earn from the treatment / Total cost incurred in the treatment = 1,146,488 / (152,281 + 212,015 + 682,813) = 1,146,488 / 1,047,109 = 1.09: 1 This implies that Dialysis Clinic, Inc. earns AED 1.09 by incurring AED 1 in the PD clinical practices to the patients. 2. COMPUTATION OF THE TREATMENT COST FOR HD AND PD BASED ON PHASE 1 General overhead cost in the treatment cost HD = (Total general overheads expense of organization / Total number of treatment) * No. of HD treatments = (785,825 / 34,967) * 14,343 = AED 322,334 General overhead cost in the treatment cost PD = (Total general overheads expense of organization / Total number of treatment) * No. of PD treatments = (785,825 / 34,967) * 20,624 = AED 463,490 Overall expenses and cost in the treatment cost HD = (Total cost including general overheads expense of organization / Total number of treatment) * No. of HD treatments = {(1,029,837 + 322,334) /34,967} * 14,343 = AED 554,643 Overall expenses and cost in the treatment cost PD = (Total cost including general overheads expense of organization / Total number of treatment) * No. of HD treatments = {(966,084 + 463,490) /34,967} * 20,624 = AED 843,182 3. COMPUTATION OF THE TREATMENT COST FOR HD AND PD BASED ON PHASE 2 Labor/nursing services cost in the treatment cost HD = (Total Labor/nursing services expense of organization / No. of patients treated) * No. of patient treated with HD = (883,280 / 164) * 102 = AED 549,357 Labor/nursing services cost in the treatment cost PD = (Total Labor/nursing services expense of organization / No. of patients treated) * No. of patient treated with HD = (883,280 / 164) * 62 = AED 333,923 Total Dialysis Clinic, Inc. Cost in HD treatment = Total traceable expenses in HD treatment + General overhead expense in HD treatment + Labor/nursing services cost in the treatment cost HD = 731,899 + 322,334 + 549,357 = AED 1,603,590 Total Dialysis Clinic, Inc. Cost in PD treatment = Total traceable expenses in PD treatment + General overhead expense in PD treatment + Labor/nursing services cost in the treatment cost PD = 380,742 + 463,490+ 333,923 = AED 1,178,155 4. STRENGTH AND WEAKNESS OF THE ALTERNATIVE COST MODEL In the context of changing scenario and advancement in the technological aspects leads to allocation of cost amongst the various operational activities. This will ultimately led to the complexity in the overall process for proper cost computing. In order to reduce the complexity organizations implement the Activity Based Cost (ABC) method or alternative costing models to have a better understanding and compute the true cost associated with their operations and proper decision making (Finkler and Ward, 192-196). It is observed that costing is based on aggregate cost and simple average cost per patient or treatment. The two aggregate costing methods includes Ratio-of-cost-per-patient (RCP) and Ratio-of-cost-per-treatment (RCT), which computes cost analysis, through assuming every cost of organization as a single pool of indirect cost that were equally assigned to patients treatment in hospital during the stipulated period of time (Finkler and Ward, 192-196). The major strength in RCP costing method is that healthcare can easily track down per patient cost that they need to bear in HD or PD treatment. This will correspondingly help to guide the patients regarding the overall cost after or before the intervention process. Furthermore, the costing technique enables organization to compute revenue they earned on per patient basis. Moreover, the key weakness of the approach is that all the patients that undergo either HD or PD treatment may not face or incur similar treatment process as others. Therefore, in this respect the cost will vary accordingly. Moreover, it is to be noted that indirect cost affects the appropriateness of the costing technique. Additionally, costing based on RCT have a major advantage wherein organization is able to drive the cost that is associated with different treatment intervention separately like x-ray, laboratory test and physical examination. On the other hand, the major drawback or weakness in this method is that organization cannot measure profitability from different treatment aspects as it leads to further complexity with having numerous treatment processes .Finally, it can be ascertained that ratio-of-cost-to-change method helps the organization to step-down all its indirect costs, which in turns assists to measure the revenue generated from each of their subsequent department in respect of the cost incurred (Finkler and Ward, 192-196). Correspondingly, method also enables to estimate the cost of individual treatment/procedure performance within the department. Furthermore, this method helps in proper decision making to pursue high reimbursement cost incurred in the treatment types rather than focusing on effective cost utilization. Besides, of the significant advantage the key weakness of this method is that it reflects all the individual treatment units to be profitable, even though the units are incurring loss by covering the losses with the profits earned by other units This in turn will not depict the true and fair picture of the organization (Finkler and Ward, 192-196). Thus, it can be concluded that all the approach of costing will help managers to take effective decision and implement proper treatment strategy and services in terms of proper financial planning in an effective manner. Work Cited Finkler, Steven A. and David Marc Ward. Cost Accounting for Health Care Organizations: Concepts and Applications. United States: Jones Bartlett Learning, 1999. Print.

Ethics and Information Technology Volkswagen Company †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Ethics and Information Technology. Answer: In the recent times there have been a great development in the field of technology. In addition to this the field of information technology is not new to the evolution in the business and ideas. Although with the rise of the technologies there has been development of some ethical issues with the said technologies. Now, the ethics are very important in all the aspects of life and the field of information technology is not new to this. There are some ethical guidelines that every person or organization should be following. There are the classical ethical theories that are to be followed. The case that is provided in this report is the case of the Volkswagen Company and the unethical issues that came up due to the adoption of certain policies by the company. The Volkswagen Company was looking to incorporate the Amazon Alexs AI into their cars. The AI would be bringing the virtual assistance to the users. The Volkswagen Company earlier had already established the Car-net functions into their cars. This time the company is looking to incorporate the Alexa Ai with this technology. The car net function allows the users to connect to their cars using their smartphones and helps the users to communicate with their cars very efficiently. The drivers would be able to add destinations for the car and also add the directions to the navigation systems of the cars. The integration would be providing useful details of the users to the AI and this raises the main issue of the report. The main ethical issue is that the privacy of the user is violated by this incorporation of the AI with the car net functions that are already pre-installed in the car. The ethical issues that had arisen due to the cheating procedures applied by the company had also violated the classical ethical theories. The theory of Utilitarianism is concerned with the maximum utilization of the resource by the maximum people. The Ai that is implemented in the cars do not provide privacy to the users. Hence, they violated the Utilitarian Theory of classical ethics. In addition to this, the deontology theory was also violated by the company. The deontology theory deals with the duty towards all human beings (Chiu et al., 2014). The company is unable to provide proper security to the user data and hence they are violating the deontology theory. In addition to this there is the virtue ethics in the classical ethical theory (Paquette et al., 2015). It is believed according to the virtue ethics that if a person is morally correct he would not be conducting any kind of unethical behavior in his professional life or at the workplace. But the Ai that would be introduced by the company do not possess any kind of moral values and hence the virtue ethics was also violated (Hursthouse, 2013). In addition to this, there is the Contact theory and it deals with the justification of the events that occur. But the situation that is at is not at all justified and hence the contact theory is also violated (Magelssen et al., 2016). The ethical issues can be solved by implementing some methods to the policies that are implemented by the car company. Firstly the company should look to incorporate some security measures into the algorithm that is incorporated within the car. In addition to this the company should ensure that the information about the uses is not leaked out. In addition to this, the users should also be aware of the circumstances before engaging themselves with this new technology. For conclusion it can be said that the report has been used here to display the different types of ethical issues that are being raised in the field of information technology. In his report the details of the case of the Volkswagen Company integrating AI into their cars have been provided. In addition to this the classical ethical theories have also been discussed and it is also been shown that how the issue violates the ethical theories. References Chiu, C. M., Wang, E. T., Fang, Y. H., Huang, H. Y. (2014). Understanding customers' repeat purchase intentions in B2C e?commerce: the roles of utilitarian value, hedonic value and perceived risk.Information Systems Journal,24(1), 85-114. Etzioni, A., Etzioni, O. (2016). AI assisted ethics.Ethics and Information Technology,18(2), 149-156. Hursthouse, R. (2013). Normative virtue ethics.ETHICA,645. Magelssen, M., Gjerberg, E., Lillemoen, L., Frde, R., Pedersen, R. (2016). Ethics support in community care makes a difference for practice.Nursing Ethics, 0969733016667774. Paquette, M., Sommerfeldt, E. J., Kent, M. L. (2015). Do the ends justify the means? Dialogue, development communication, and deontological ethics.Public Relations Review,41(1), 30-39. Pendyala, R. M., Bhat, C. R. (2014). Activity-Travel Behavior Impacts of Driverless Cars. In93rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board.

Influence of Pta on School Adminsitration free essay sample

The school organization, administration and management has become sophisticated and complex to the extent that governments alone cannot handle, problems ranging from students unrest, poor attendance to schools and drop out especially among female students could be solved with the assistance of the (home) parent Teachers’ Association. Public schools require effective community support, hence the need to establish a well organized Parent-Teacher’s Association in our primary schools cannot be over emphasized. School Advisory Boards were established in schools to assist in solving issues related to the administration and management of education. However, it was observed that School Advisory Boards were not effective since they were regarded as a mere consultative body on certain disciplinary cases. Another reason could be that, there was no much interaction between the schools and Advisory Boards. Communities are supposed to play important role in influencing the school since they regard each other as partners. However, schools have been holding the community performance in the school with suspicion as observed by Musaazi (1984:242) that parents consider the job of teachers as merely instruction in the classroom not organizing productive activities in the village or doing other community development, type of activities. Teachers do sometimes reject the idea of having local villagers (parents) to participate in managing the schools. This kind of feeling among the teachers has therefore made parents to regard the school only as a modern creation exclusively meant for only those with Western Education and hence the ordinary parents with no such type of education were therefore not expected to participate in its activities. Government seemed incapable to shoulder the entire educational burden alone, the government therefore need to involve parents and Parent Teacher Association actively in the management of primary schools in the Federal Capital Territory. Parent-Teacher Association has a very long history in Federal capital Territory. The association developed from within the parents themselves in their attempt to be involved in the management and administration of schools in the Federal Capital Territory it was observed that the activity of the association has been characterized with mere fund raising at the expense of other important roles. The role of Parent-Teacher Associations ought to extend beyond mere financial contributions to include policy making in primary schools management most especially in areas, such as curriculum change and other educational development. The intent of this research is to explore in to the problem that surrounds the role of parent teacher association the management of schools in Federal Capital Territory. 1. 2Statement of the Problem There are insinuations from certain quarters that the PTAs interfere negatively with the administration of schools. Many private schools for instance will rather operate without a PTA to check the perceived undue interferences of parents. However, it is thought by some that PTAs play a rather significant role in the running of schools. The study therefore will examine the financial contributions to schools by Parent-Teacher Association, parents’ involvement in the students’ academic activities as well as parents’ involvement in the social activities of the schools in order to understand the contributions of PTA to the development of primary education in the country. The study intends to investigate the extent to which the roles of Parent-Teacher Associations are being achieved in development of primary schools in Federal Capital Territory. 1. 3 Purpose of the Study The aim of the study was to investigate the extent to which the roles of parent-teacher association in the management and development of primary education in Gwagwalada Area Council with a view of suggesting ways to improve to allow general effectiveness and efficiency of the educational system. The specific purposes for this study include: 1. To observe the roles performed by Parent-Teacher Associations in the management of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. 2. To identify the contributions of Parent-Teacher Association to the smooth running of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. . To study the reactions of parents towards parent-teacher association with regard to the activities of the association in relation to the management of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. 4. To study the impact of PTA on the development of Primary Schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. 1. 4Research Questions The research attempts to answer the following research questions: 1. What rol es does Parent-Teacher Associations perform in the management of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council? 2. What contributions does Parent-Teacher Association make to the smooth running of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council? 3. What are the reactions of parents towards parent-teacher association with regard to the activities of the association in relation to the management of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council? 4. What impact does PTA make to the development of Primary Schools in Gwagwalada Area Council? 1. 5 Basic Assumptions The study is based on the following assumptions 1. That the existence of Parents Teachers Associations aids the development of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. . That Parent-Teacher Association functions are not identified in relationship with the development of the secondary education primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council. 3. Parents have adequate perception of their role in the activity of parent teacher associations. 4. Parent Teacher Associations members may not be aware of other more important functions of the associations. 1. 6Si gnificance of the Study The government cannot bear the entire burden in managing the financial responsibilities of all post primary institutions in the Gwagwalada Area Council. In view of the above, there seemed to be no better forum where both parents and teachers could meet and make a worth while contribution in sharing with the government part of the educational responsibility other, than through the Parent Teacher Associations. The research was intended to make parents become more responsive and conversant about their role in the activity of parent Teacher Association. Equally, principals and Teachers would be more knowledgeable about their role in parent Teacher’s Association activities. Furthermore, the study would serve as basis for studies on the role of parent-teacher association in relation to the development of primary school education in Gwagwalada Area Council for so many reasons: On the whole, for the justification of the position taken by the parent teacher association the research work is therefore of great significance to find out what specific. Finally, the research findings are to be used as a pointer to the ministry of education to initiate a move towards involving parent teacher association in policy making rather than reducing them to mere fund raising organization. . 7 Scope of the Study The area to be covered by this research work is the Gwagwalada Area Council of the FCT in Nigeria. The study is specifically delineated to primary school in the area council as a result of time constraints as well as financial constraints. Introduction In this chapter, the relevant literatures are discussed in the following sub-headings: (a)Theoretical/Conceptual Framework of the study. (b)Purpose and relevance of Parent-Teachers’ Association. (c)Organization and composition of Parent-Teacher Association. d)Parent- Teacher Association and school administration. (e)School community relationship. (f)Review of some parent –Teachers’ Association constitutions. 2. 2Theoretical/Conceptual Framework This section is an attempt towards exploring the theoretical framework with the view of giving the entire work a kind of the theoretical basis. The following areas were examined: a. Organizational theory. b. Leadership and organization. c. Goals in organization d. Communication and school management. e. Delegation of authority. 2. 2. 1 Organisational Theory According to Persons (1990:17) organizations â€Å"are social units (of human groupings) deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek specific goals. † Modern societies have so many organisations that are establish to accomplish specific goals for social development. Among such organization is the parent-Teachers’ Association whose characteristics, goals and objectives follow very well in parson’s definition of organization. A prominent organizational theorist, Webver (1961) as cited by Etsioni (2001) distinguished three modes of theories which an organizational structure may adopt: traditional charismatic and authority. It was observed that Weber emphasized on the rational aspects. Barnard as cited by Etzioni (2001) while examining similar set of complex organizations, placed greater emphasis on the psychological and social aspects in the case of main focus, of this review, both Weber’s structure can be observed. Selznick’s theory as cited by Etzioni (2001) rests on Weber’s and Barnards foundations. He studied organizations not only as economics and adaptive structures, but also as the co-operative systems. This led him to examine the formal roles of the participants as well as their personality and leadership. Selznick’s theory is more closely related to this area of investigation; the role of parent-Teachers’ Associations in the development of secondary schools in Federal Capital Territory. The role of the participants (parents and Teachers) and their personality and leadership in the discharge of their various roles are clearly identifiable. Parson’s contribution in organizational theory is predominantly oriented to the attainment of specific goals. This, when related to parent-teacher associations could mean closing the gap between the home and the school with the view of promoting education welfare of the child. Specifically, parent-teacher association is geared towards improving teaching, learning and welfare of the students. The above theoretical constructs of organizational theory when looked from a different perspective can be summarized as consisting of elements of classical theory of management, human relations and the structuralists thinking in administration. Area of Study The Federal Republic of Nigeria become worthy of consideration by the Governemt of the late General Murtala Mohammed for a new Capital. Many Nigerians observed that Lagos was be set by Intractable problems and as such unbefitting of a Federal capital City. The Federal Government therefore on August 9th 1975 announced a seven (7) man committee headed by renowned Jurist, Dr. Timoty Akinola Aguda with Dr. Tai Solarin, Colonel Monsignol-Petrik Nartubs; Prof. C. K. Ogan, Alhaji Mohammed Musa Isma, Dr. Ajato Gandanu and Chief Owen Fiebai as members to advise the government on where to site its capital in stand of Lagos. This committee has Chief E. E. Nsefic as its secretary. On February 5th 1979, Federal Capital Territory was born by Decree number 6 of 1976. The decree was promulgated to give a legal state to the new capital territory. The ownership control and governance of the territory was vested in the Government. The Decree also established a Federal Capital development Authority (F. C. D. A) with the responsibility to plan, design and develop the territory including the sitting, management and the deployment of education in the territory. The Federal Capital Territory (F. C. T. ) is located within the centre of the geographical are called Nigeria, it shares boundary with Kaduna State to the North, Nassarawa State to the East and South East, Kogi State to the West and equidistant from almost all parts of the country. It is inhabited by Egbura, Gwari, Nupe, Hausa and son on. The land scope of the territory consists of titled alluvial plains dissected by Rivers Guran and Usuma and a range of hills, and extension of the Jos Plateau popularly known as Jema’a plate from running through to the middle of the territory. The vegetation is predominantly Guinea savannah, the soil is reddish and its temperature fluctuation between 30o and 37o centigrade. Like some other parts of Nigeria, Abuja is basically affected by the dry and rainy session the dry session is between December and Mrch and rainy session is about April to Novermber. Rain fall average 1,632mm annually. The Federal Captial Territory is presently made up of six area councils: Abaji, Gwagwalada, Kwali, Kuje, Abuja Municipal and Bwari, each with average 4 – 5 secondary schools with Gwagwalada having the only school for the gifted students. 2. 3 Leadership and Organisation The success of any organization depends mainly on effective administration procedures (Musaazi: 1982). However, such effective leadership, organization, such as educational institutions require dynamic leadership. According to Stodgill (1958: 38) leadership is organized group in the task of goal setting and goal achievement†. Leaders wherever they are, availed themselves with one-type of leadership style or the other. Parent-Teacher Associations as an organization is being steered under the leadership of dynamic chairmen who are seasonal administrators in their respective areas of endeavours. Since Parent-Teacher Association s is a voluntary organization, a leadership style befitting its status and aspirations of the majority must be thought. However, it must be understood that such a leadership style must relegate concretely to the goals of the association. 2. 4 Goals in Organisation Organizations are generally established to achieve certain tasks (goals). The success of organizations is invariable measured in relation to accomplishing organizational goals. Goals of organizations serve many functions. They provide direction and guide-lines for organisationl activity. Organizations are social units which pursue specific goals (Etzioni 2001:5). According to Etzioni (2001) organizational goals is â€Å"a desired state of affairs which the organization attempt’s to realize†. Organizations are constructed to be the most effective and efficient social units (Etzoni 2001:8). The actual effectiveness of a particular organization is determined by the degree to which it achieved its goals. The efficiency of an organization is measured by the amount of the resources used to produce a single unit of output. Parent-Teacher Associations as an organization is specifically aimed towards serving as a clearing house for the presentation and discussion of educational problems where parents and teachers through contact could develop greater understating for the effective solutions to our educational problems (Moehlman, 1997). The effectiveness of any parent-teachers ‘association in the Federal Capital Territory’ would be measured in relation to solving the numerous educational problems facing our secondary schools. . 5 Communication and School Management Communication is an art used all the time. It is the exchange of information, feelings and attitudes. Communication involves sharing of ideas and information in related to parent-teacher ‘Associations as it comprised of many people showing a common interest (the advancement of education and students welfare). Afolyan (1982) described communication as the life blood of any organization. According to Simon (1998: 152). Communication is inseparable with organization to influence the behaviour of the individuals for there can be no organization without communication. There are various types of communication used by school principals. These are summarized in to two broad classes. There are channels of communication with members of the school and also a channel of communication with community members. School principles should inform parents on the activities of their schools and to share a common idea with them. However, the medium of communication and mode of contacting members to attend meetings could constitute a serious problem to the effectiveness of the association. 2. 6 Delegation of Authority Authority is an important aspect necessary for achieving the set of objectives in any organization. Authority is being seen as the power to make decisions which guide the actions of another (Musaazi 1982: 100). Delegation is simply the process of dividing up the superior’s (boss) total work and giving part of it to the subordinate to perform on 106). As educational organizations grow in size, they become more sophisticaticated and complex, delegation of authority and responsibility becomes increasingly essential. By law, school administers have been delegated to carry out certain functions of the ministry in their respective schools. Principals therefore find themselves in a kind of dual relationship. They exercise authority and also subject school’s board of governors. Authority is not usually measured by positions in the Associations. The constituted views of the association are not adhered to due to selfish interests of some highly placed individuals. In view of the numerous tasks to be performed by the state ministry of Education on one hand, and the desire of voluntary organizations like the parent Teacher Associations to assist in the management of post primary institutions, some element of delegation of authority is identifiable. It is the responsibility of the Federal Ministry of Education to collect any dues from students. The Ministry has delegated school principals to collect such money on behalf of the ministry. It is also the duty of the ministry to feed the large students in the boarding institutions. In conclusion, a theory could be described as a set of assumptions from which a set of empirical law may be derived. They are developed, essentially to assist in the identification and clarification of problems now and in the future (Etzioni, 2001). Parent-Teachers Association as an organization must strive to identify and clarify the educational problem facing post primary institutions in the Federal Capital Territory. As an additional impetus, members of the association must elect leaders of impeccable character and transparent honesty. 2. 7 Purpose and Relevance of Parent-Teachers Association According to Collins (1973:87) Parent-Teacher Association is â€Å"an organization or combination of parents and Teachers meant to cultivate and facilitate mutual understanding so as to make the education of children a joint operation as well as understanding social and fund raising activities† some of the main objectives of Parent-Teacher Associations in secondary schools in the Federal Capital Territory would include strengthening the uthority of the school in caring out disciplinary problems, financial contributions, social activity and exchange of useful ideas between the teachers and the parents. It is important to involve parents and teachers in policy making concerning education in the Federal Capital Territory so as to make education of the child a joint responsibility between the home and the school. Parent-Teachers’ Association was described as a mechanism in the advancement of education. He therefore called on the parents to be part of that driving droce which is devoted to education. Parents group that does not think for itself is not one of great strength. Neither is it in the long run one that contributes significantly to Education. Hence, groups that are motivated by common purpose can gain much through the utilization of the capacity found in them. Submissive power structure is not one that will grapple effective with large issues (Morphet 1981: 221). In a similar related vein Dada (1971: 175) saw Parent-Teachers’ Associations as â€Å"important and effective in fostering parents education, child welfare, further school improvement, home and community cooperation and interpreting school to public in general†. This to the researcher is related to the study especially in its contribution towards enlightenment of the public. For any association to fulfill such a task, it must be made part of the policy and decision making body more than what obtains now on the same note, Stearns as cited in Grant (1993) noted that: â€Å"involvement of the parents in the formal education of their children is good for the children, good for the school and good for the community. † However, Stearns failed to elaborate to what extent it would be good to the beneficiaries. One would have expected a more detailed and comprehensive analysis on the possible effect of Parent Teacher Associations involvement in Education. Despite its inadequacy, yet, it would assist in strengthening the parent-Teacher’s Associations which would pave way to create and solidify a sound school community relationship. As contained in the Bye laws of the United States National Congress of parents, the objectives for setting up a Parent-Teacher Association are as follows: a. To promote the welfare of children and youth in the home, church and community; b. To raise the standards of home life; c. To secure adequate laws for the care and protection of children and youth; d. To bring into closer relation the home and the school that parents and teachers may co-operate intelligently in the training of the child. e. To develop between educators and the general public such united efforts as well as to secure advantages in physical, mental, social and spiritual education. The primary and secondary purpose of organizing Parent-Teacher Associations according to Moechlman (1997) agreed with the above objectives. The primary function is that of serving as a clearing house for the presentation and discussion of educational problems in order and contact develop greater understanding of the individual child and better cooperation for the effective solution of educational problems. The secondary function of Parent-Teacher Associations should be given a more articulated role in the management of schools in the Federal Capital Territory in order to achieve those laudable objectives since they do not in any way differ from those upheld by the country way differ from those upheld by the control and Federal Capital Territory in particular so as to enhance parents contribution (moral and otherwise) to supplement government efforts towards improvement of education of their children. Nigeria’s present education system accorded high priority to self reliance and communal participation in the development of their environment just like many other developing countries. Modern educators have unequivocally reiterated the desired need for teachers to have a forum with the parents of the pupils they teach for a common understanding. Woodbury (1979) said that â€Å"it appears vital that professional educators and boards of education acquire a better understanding of value structure of their own community and make every effort to develop educational goals or alternative programmes to recognize these values†. He went on to add that parent-Teacher Associations serves as a place where parents could get more information on how to deal with problems of their children. From the above, one may conclude that parent- Teacher Associations is to educate and make parents more informed about school activities thereby to create an avenue to change the attitudes of most parents against Western type of education which hithro has been negative, and also to instill in the minds of parents the quest for knowledge so as to have an enlightened society. In view of the above, the relevance of Parent Teacher Associations to schools could be seen in the material, financial and moral assistance given to school in various communities in the country as highlighted by the following national dailies; Nigerian standard, June 2, 1979 Daily Sketch, February 16, 1979, Sunday Punch, May 11, 1980 and Daily Times May 9, 1980 and so on. Durojaiye (1976) while analyzing the relevance of parent teacher associations stressed that teachers and parents have the most important influence during the critical period of child’s life. In Europe, especially in England and Wales, Parent-Teacher Association played a prominent role in the development of Education by reflecting the interest and welfare of schools and extra curricular activates. King (1979) stressed on the importance of parent Teachers Associations in British Education where it encourage all aspects of home and school cooperation through school association involving parents. Dubey et al (1979) has it that â€Å"parents exercised the strongest influence over the lives of their children in schools even when they go abroad for studies† According to the Parent Teacher Association president Unger of Scotch Plains, New Jersely, as cited by Omisore (1991) that â€Å" the association provided parents with the strongest voice they can have no children issues, adding that the National parent Teacher Association is the largest children advocacy associations in America†. It would be of relevance therefore for parents all to stand and speak with a single voice on matter affecting education of their children. They may become militant in demand for more recognition to participate actively in policy making organ of the ministry provided they are solidified and articulated. Parent-Teachers Association could as well be of use to assist governments in general and schools in particular to solve issues of students unrest and secret societies in the country’s institution of students unrest in Nigeria today is largely due to lack of proper home training and parental care for the moral well-being of the young ones. On a landscape, Parent-Teachers Association of tomorrow for the nation. Generally the periods between 1970s and the early parts of 1980s could be regarded as the period which marked the beginning in the establishment of parent teachers Association for various communities in the country. Parent Teacher Associations witnessed an unprecedented upsurge during the later part of 1980s in Federal Capital Territory due to a higher level of public enlightenment achieved with the contribution of the Agency for mass Education in the Federal Capital Territory. It is in view of the relevance of the Parent Teachers’ Association as one of the Doll went further in suggesting the following measures to be considered by principals: 1. Assess community needs. 2. Identify various community organizations that are engaged in educating citizens 3. Isolate areas of mutual interests to avoid duplication. 4. Initiate Joint efforts and actions between and among organization. 5. Establish a coordinating council that serves as a clearing house for service exchange. 6. Help the teachers prepare for Parent Teacher Associations conferences and make readily available information concerning its procedures. 7. Pin-point areas of contacts with the schools. 8. Initiate cooperative programmes between the Parent-Teacher Associations of other schools. As indicated somewhere else earlier in this chapter for any association to succeed, it must uphold the needs, aspirations and ideas of the community where it is rooted. Many social clubs have seriously embarked on organizing and education community members to become literate in the Federal Capital Territory. However, it must be stressed clearly that the activities of parent Teachers Associations and that of the old students Associations be stream-lined to avoid duplication of both human and material resources. There are Parent-Teacher Association’s councils at district level, local government towards coordinating parent-teacher association’s activates. A more realistic means of encouraging teachers to prepare actively for parent teachers association’s conferences is to make them to present papers during such occasions. This may likely instill a sense of recognition of its activities. Ukeje (1984) indicated clearly that initiative school principals are able to solve many disciplinary problems s among student and teachers bent on tarnishing the good image of the school by the assistance and involvement of the parent-teacher associations. . 8School and Community Relationship Education is the responsibility of the community, the state and the nation in general. Therefore, the formation of a Parent-Teacher Associations should cut, across the various sections of the society in order to achieve the maximum support and co-operation of all concerned. Musaazi (1982)-237) was of the view that the relationships between the school and the community are important to the all round growth and development of both pupils and adults. However, when uncertainties arise about the progress of their children or the school in general, their anxiety and indeed that of the community as a whole is usually freely expressed, and there can be no doubt about their concern. (Durojaiye 1976:27) expressly stated that there is â€Å"no disagreement among students of child development and students of education and the society that of all the agencies of the society which affect children, the home and the school exert the strongest and most pervasive influence†. In view of the assertion, it becomes imperative that the school and the community should be more closely related in matters affecting the education and welfare of the children. A most effective means is when student’s clubs, organizations and societies. Invite parents for example, the young farmers club to demonstrate modern farming techniques to the community. The school could as well serve as a vehicle in the promotion of the culture, music and history of the community through the curriculum with the view of the communal suspicion on Western type of education. Our modern educational system demands that, schools whether government owned, private or community should involve parents is the policy making body of the institution. It was observed that: The new idea of the democratic school system implies that citizens of a community have the responsibility not only to finance the schools, but also to participate in determining educational goals and objectives and in building curriculum that will truly meet the need of children and youth. It is the function of the home, school and the community to settle such problems together Leibermen (1960:112). The above quotation does not only suggest that active participation of the community in school activities. It categorically indicated that the condition between the school and community may centre around the curriculum. However, if communities are to be more functional in educational issues and also to play the roles expected of them in the management of education in Federal Capital Territory, therefore, communities should to some certain extent dictate what is to be taught because, schools are part of the community. But parent-Teacher Associations as a democratic organ representing the community is being marginalized and restricted from participating in policies by the ministry of education. While acknowledging the relationship between education and society, he fully commented that, the child may come to school ill-equipped for and hostile to learning under any educational regime, but for most part his educability depends as much as on the assumptions, values and aims personified in the teachers, and embodied in the school organization in to which he is supposed to assimilate himself, as those he brings with him from his home Wiseman (1971:168). One may observe that the teacher, the school, the child and his home are to make significant contributions towards child’s success in the school for the overall attainment of the national educational objective. The place of co-operation between the community and the school in any educational venture can not be over-emphasized. It is presumed that both homes and schools could effectively co-operate to tackle any problem(s) likely to arise, be it academic or otherwise. Schools, according to Tarrant (1981) should rise to integrate the child successfully in to his immediate community. This may not seem to be an easy task especially that schools were in the past isolated from their communities which they tend to serve. Traditionally, schools were often sited and built too far away from towns. In an attempt to correct this demanding trend, the concepts of ‘Ujma’a’ and ‘Herambeeism’ philosophies is suggested as practiced both in Tanzania and Kenya respectively so as to fully involve and the integrate the schools in to their communities. For communities to full accommodate schools, they should from now be involved in the administration and management of schools particularly in the Federal Capita Territory and all other facets of policy making to meet the needs of the people. The achievement recorded in Kenya and Tanzania in the fielf of Polytechnic Education is a drive towards self reliance and could be attributed to the level of communal involvement to develop their countries. However, in fostering an effective and sound school community relationship, is pertinent to make ourselves abreast with the community characteristics regarding its philosophy of education. It is for that reason that Bullock as cited in grant (1973) summaries such community knowledge by appraising the following questions:- 1. What is the general community level of approval of the school programme? 2. What kind of educational philosophy does the community hold? 3. What degree of prestige do teachers as an occupational class hold in the community? 4. What kind of community is this with regard to such characteristics as cohesiveness and unity of action? 5. How does the community define the role of the school administrations? . How receptive is the community to charge? From the above questions asked by Bultock, it could be asserted that the educational philosophy upheld by a particular community should have a bearing on the school curriculum. The educational content must therefore work towards the upliftment of the educational level of the general populace of the federal capital territory. This also accounts to why Islamic education and some aspects of commercial education dominated the western type of education in the sate. Similarly, one may as well add that parents accept school programmes readily, yet they need to have a say in the educational aspects affecting their children to demonstrate that they are receptive to charge and innovation it is sad to note that teachers were not highly respected most especially by the society. A possible reason could be because they are poorly paid. In additiona, cox et al (1961), Beck (1968) and Jamnala (1970) viewed school as a miniature society which must reflect the values and aspirations of their communities in all ramifications. They further maintained that the relationship between school and the community be reciprocal. This, however, when applied to education could mean that our educational systems be geared towards upholding our cherished values and ideals which are to be attained by the child (learner). For schools to do this effectively they need to establish a very sound rapport and understanding with their communities and such should from the base for parents participation in actual school administration and policy making. It is equally sad to note that there was not substantial input in to education by the community, hence there seemed to be little contact between them, thereby depriving the schools of their cultural foundation. 2. 9 Organization and Composition of Parent-Teachers’ Association The organization of a local Parent-Teacher Associations is very important as it will affect its success. However, the question that comes to mind is; who should hold membership in Parent-Teacher Association? In the light of the above, it was suggested that. The organization of a local parent-teachers’ association may be initiated by any one of several individuals or agencies. The most common are the school principal, the school staff, parents and some part or all of the school staff, the parent-teachers’ association council fro the area, and the board of education in terms of policy requiring the organization of such a parent-leaded group Hymes (1953). Schools are naturally dealing with the lives of pupils. Though membership in to the association is automatic and free to members of the society, care must be exercised while electing persons to hold responsibilities in the organization. Parent Teachers Association should consist of people of exemplary characters whose lives are centered towards serving humanity. Equally, such members must be honest, trustworthy and reliable. Afolayan (1982) seemed to be more accurate and precise on the organization and composition of parent-teachers’ associations. He opined that, normally members of association consist of teachers and the parents of the students in the school. Since membership is free and automatic for members (teachers in a given school). It could be regarded as unethical on the part of any professional teacher not to attend parent-teachers Associations meetings. Hymes (1953) while writing on the appropriate time parent-teacher association meetings suggested: 1. At the start of the school year during which school programmes can be relayed to the parents. 2. At the end of the school calendar year to give progress report on students’ achievements to the parents. These two suggestions by Hymes though reasonable, but are naive. Parent-Teacher Associations meetings may be convened by various secondary schools depending upon the needs and the circumstances surrounding the need to call such meeting. 2. 0 Review of Some Parent Teachers’ Associations Constitutions Organizations are government and guided by constitutions and standing orders to assist and give them a general sense of direction in the discharge of their functions. Constitutions governing the activities of Parent Teachers Association of some selected states were reviewed and contrasted against that of Federal Capitatl Territory. The ideal of comparing these constitutions was to find out if the constitutions governing parent-teacher associations in the Federal Capital Territory are adequate or otherwise. The Federal Capital Territory Ministry of Education provided a constitution which served as a framework for the effective functioning of Parent Teacher Associations in all the post primary schools. Under this document (see Appendix iii) the aims and objectives of the Parent Teacher Associations were spelt in article iii and it included. a. To provide the platform for parents, guardians, sponsors and teachers of students of Nigeria primary, secondary, and tertiary Educational Institutions to meet, exchange views, deeply analyze issues, make recommendations, take and effectively pursue. Implementation of decisions on matters affecting education in Nigeria with the appropriate agencies. b. To co-operate with and support morally and financially the Federal, State and Local governments, Ministries, Boards, commissions, and all other appropriate organization institutions and establishments of education to achieve high standards of academic performance discipline, morality, service and integrity in our schools. c. To provide a forum for both parents and teachers to hold useful discussions on matters affecting school, students and staff with a view to ensuring a conducive atmosphere for effective teaching – learning and peaceful co-existence in the school. d. To help in any way possible to supplement government efforts in the provision of facilities that helps the school in the discharge of its basic functions and encourages both staff and students in the pursuit of knowledge. e. To bring closer union between parents and teachers of the school. The above aims and objectives of parent-teacher associations when contrasted with those provided by primary schools management board in establishing parent-teacher associations in all its primary schools, it appeared that the aims and objectives provided by the mother ministry of education in running and establishing similar associations proved inadequate. Parent-Teacher Associations should encourage and involve parents to take keep interest in the education of their children as outlined in the guidelines on the establishment and running of parent teacher associations in primary schools. It is important to involve parents to take â€Å"keen interest† in the education of their children government policies on education may not be realized in view of the enormous cost being incurred by government in the management of secondary schools in the Federal Capital Territory. However, in a similar vain, the draft governing constitution and standing orders of the National Parent Teachers’ Association of Nigeria (National PTA) is more comprehensive, detailed and informative. This may be so because everything national should have a broader base to accommodate the numerous diversity of It is also important for both parents and educators to have a clearly defined area of operation in school management to achieve results. Teachers need the educational understanding of the parents, and parents too need the social understanding of teachers in realizing the educational objectives and welfare of the children. There are four tiers of Parent Teacher Association administration and operational hierarchy in Nigeria. They include: 1. Schools of institutional parents Teacher Association. Every School or educational institution in every state and the mayoralty of the Federal Capital Territory of the Federal Teacher Association consisting of parents, guardians, sponsors and teacher of the pupils/students registered therein. 2. Central Parent Teacher Association (CPTA). The chairman and Treasurers of PTAS plus and Academic heads of schools and educational institutions in each local government education District shall constitute the parent Teacher Association at the local Government Education District level. The Local Administrator of Education and such other Educational agencies shall be represented in all their meetings but shall have no voting right. 3. State Parent Teacher Association of the local Government Education Districts throughout each state shall constitute the State Parent Teacher Association of the state. 4. National parent Teacher Association of Nigeria. All State parent Teacher Association Chairman, Treasurers and General Secretaries plus not more than five observers from each State except the hasting state which may exceed five observers to receive the delegates, shall constitute the National body. The Federal Ministry of Education and other relevant educational agencies shall be represented without voting rights. Parent Teacher’s Association (P. T. A. ) saw education as the key to human development and both parents and teachers were determined to send their children, wards or relatives to schools at any cost. Therefore, the role of P. T. A. of those days under the umbrella of Nigerian indigenous mission members. 5. That Parent-Teacher Association functions are not identified in relationship with the development of secondary education in the Federal Capital Territory. . Parents have adequate perception of their role in the activity of parent Teacher Association. 7. Parent Teacher Association members may not be aware of other more important functions of the associations. ? CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS 3. 1 Introduction In this chapter, the researcher takes a look at the research design, the population of the study and the sampling procedures. This chapte r also covers the instrumentation, method of data collection and method of statistical analysis. 3. 2 Research Design The research design used in this study is a descriptive survey because the concern of the researcher is to determine the role of the Parent Teacher Association in the management of primary schools. According to Awotunde Ugodulunwa (2004), the concern of descriptive research is not why the observed distribution exist but what the distribution is. 3. 3 Population of the Study The population for this study includes the administrator, the teacher and parent population of primary schools in Gwagwalada Area Council of the Federal Capital Territory. This population is estimated at 10,000. 3. 4 Sample Size and Sampling Technique A total number of 240 respondents were used for the study distributed among five primary schools in the area council. They were randomly selected for the study. This sample size was distributed between teachers, administrators and parents on the basis of the ratio 3:1:1. 3. 5 Instrumentation A self-developed questionnaire was used to gather the data for this study. The questionnaire is very potent because it affords the researcher the opportunity to establish some rapport with the respondents. The questionnaire was designed along a four-point likert scale to elicit the response of in terms of Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree and Strongly Disagree. The questionnaire was divided into two major sections. Section one contain request for respondent’s biodata while section 2 which is further subdivided on the basis of the research questions asked is targeted towards eliciting the views of respondents on the role performed by PTA in the development of primary schools. 3. 6 Validity of the Instrument The face and content validity was carried out by the project supervisor in the Faculty of Education of the University of Abuja was consulted to vet and correct some items that might be vague and ambiguous. 3. 7Reliability of the Instrument Pilot study was carried out to determine the reliability of the instrument. Twenty (20) members of the main population for the pilot study but such sample schools will not participate in the main study. Analysis of the response from the pilot study was carried out by using the split-half method of determining reliability indices. A simple correlation of the odd and even responses provided the reliability index of 0. 84. This provides evidence of the reliability of the instrument. 3. 8 Method Data Collection The questionnaire will be administered by the researcher with the aid of two research assistants. All completed questionnaires will be collected on the spot. The responses will be scored as stated below: Strongly Agree -4 Agree-3 Disagree-2 Strongly Disagree-1 3. 9 Method of Data Analysis Descriptive statistics will be used in the analysis of data gathered using the questionnaire. This statistics include simple percentages and frequencies. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0 DATA ANALYSIS, PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION 4. 1. Introduction In this chapter, all secondary and primary data collected were analyzed using percentages and frequency counts, result are being presented and findings discussed. The data collected from the teachers and parents have been preserved. 4. 2. Demographic Data Table 4. 1: Distribution of Respo ndents According to Gender GenderFrequencyPercentage (%) Male16766. 8 Female8333. 2 Total250100 The table above shows the number of male and female respondents. Male respondent totaled 167 representing 66. % while female respondents totaled 83 representing 33. 2% respectively. Table 4. 2 Distribution of Respondents among Administrators, Teachers and Parents CategoryFrequencyPercentage (%) Admin156. 0 Teachers7329. 2 Parents16264. 8 Total250100 The table above clearly showed that more respondents were parents; for instance, one hundred and sixty two (162) parents representing 64. 8% of the sample were parents while the respondents from the teacher is seventy three 73 representing 29. 2% and below the cadre the administrator with respondents of only 15 representing 6. 9%.